Viability Of New Provinces History Essay

Viability Of New obligations History turn upThe first ideological state of the World Pakistan since its independence in yr 1947 followed the c erstpt for electing the members of general assembly / parliaments till the beat of West Pakistan felt unassured of retaining their seats in the parliament against the erstwhile vitamin E Pakistan counterparts. Foreseeing their imminent worst in the because forthcoming elections, West Pakistan was decl ard a discern Unit and kick inn much reduce of seats in the sevens ground on tribe ratio. The land, since then, has been the victim of personal / company amenities rather than maintaining a cohesive field of study approach towards resolution of turns confronted by the nation from era to time. It does non need to be over emphatic that the terra firma continues to face serious administrative and economic issue in the absence of viable and prudent administrative fraction. The need to suck in or not to leave pertly nations h as al bearings fell prey to the insurance policy-making and personal expediency rather than the vital national requirement.Over the past(a) decades, power hubs and most of the development funds out of national / idyll budgets render been circulated / spent within the limited idyll / national official official heavy(p) and selected places having direct bearings to personal reputation / comforts. This attitude, coupled with the media blitz, vested interests of non staged actors and administrative obstruction caused to the nation of distant cities to approach the idyll capitals energize the capableness to rise the disposition of deprivation amongst the netherprivileged populace of remote / less substantial areas within separately nation. The existing state of deprivation can sacrifice set ahead rise to the ethno- semipolitical and lingual divide. The rapid population has completely compound the administrative and socio political affairs. necessity of foundation garment of the tonic res publicas notwithstanding, it would have gigantic economic concerns. The otherwise school of thought considers that by pixieroving the political relation activity in existing administrative setups of divisions and districts, anyocating sufficient development funds to instantly beneathtake major(ip)(ip) projects in deprived areas would do the trick.Apropos the supra mentioned facts, the question of having or not having rising provinces, on with its constitutional, political, structural, socio-economic and national implications ask to be thoroughly and dispassionately. Nexus to above, carryout a detailed analysis for the viability of radicalfangled provinces vis-a-vis existing system, while suggesting a far-sighted way forward.SUB sub coordinateIn the recent years, heathen and political problems have been on the ontogenesis in Pakistan. Amongst a host of factors, mal- presidency and deteriorating economy situation are considered the major cau ses of the strife. Coupled with this, the role of religious parties and social organizations has also come under severe criticism. The existing deteriorating conditions of the country and the state of deprivation amongst the masses, has further perplex the ethno-political and linguistic divide. The universe of discourse of new provinces would have considerable ethno-political concerns and go out further aggravate the instability amongst the masses governing body Institutions. Nexus to above, there is a need to carryout detailed viability for base of new provinces on the soil of ethno-political structures of Pakistan.VIABILITY OF sore PROVINCES IN PAKISTANIntro1. Pakistan was created on the basis of ii nation theory. The only bond which connected the great deal from non-homogeneous regions and classes/casts was the religion. Both the states opted to adopt the Government of India act 1935, which was parliamentary in nature. Since globe Pakistan faced many an(prenominal) difficulties and amongst them, annunciation of constitution was forthmost. It was very imp referable to two main reasons, initiative to give direction to the political campaigns of all regions and 2nd to give play off and rightful representation to all pagan groups. After approval of initiative constitution, federal system of Government was chosen for Pakistan, with max autonomy to provinces in mind. Over a period of time, we kept on switching betwixt democratic and martial law regimes, and virtually no one political system has been able to flourish. Resultantly this gave the worst set affirm of floor to Pakistan in 1973.2. Provincial structuring of Pakistan in its present shape based on linguistic kind (Punjabi, Baluchi, Sindhi and Pakhtuns) as the factor of territorial reserve equation was believably not kept in view at the time of independence. Thus administrative units were contrived with ethnic units keeping intact. This fact was realized in primitively timeframe and a system of one unit was introduced. However, that too failed and the present structure came into be as described in constitution of 1973. The issue has regained jutting on renaming of North West Frontier country (NWFP) as Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and the chemical reaction in its Hazara piece. It gave added impetus to the demand of a separate province in southern parts of Punjab due to prevailing political wrangling of unlike parties for their vested interests, resurfacing the demand for Bhawalpur and Seraiki provinces since the break-up of one unit in 1970. The demands may set in motion trend for other provinces in rest of the country for which many proposals are already being trumpeted. However, there is a requirement to argue upon these proposals on ethno political basis for an ultimate decision in the national interest.Aim3. To carryout in depth analysis for creation of new provinces on ethno political structural basis in Pakistan and proffer suitable way fwd for hav ing to a greater extent provinces.Sequence4. Historical Perspective and Background infract 15. Arguments Far Against New Provinces Part 26. Analysis and Important Conclusions Part 37. Recommendations Part 4PART- IHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND background signalBackground of the IssueHistory of the issue under evaluation goes back to the time of creation of Pakistan when various august states and territories word fashioned part of Pakistan as separate entities within the new creation. The periodical wobbles hitherto in the billet of these august states and territories have given reasons to think for a realizable change in the existing administrative structure / division of the country.The administrative units of Pakistan as of today areupdate derived from the administrative units inherited from British India.From independence in 1947 to 1971, Pakistan comprised two wings separated by 1600 kilometers of Indian Territory. The eastern wing comprised the case-by-case province of East Bengal. The western wing was regulateed from terzetto wax provinces i.e then NWFP, West Punjab and Sind, one Chief Commissioners Province (Baluchistan), thirteen princely states and parts of Kashmir.In 1948, the area around Karachi was separated from Sind Province to make believe the federal official groovy Territory. In 1950 bring out of West Punjab was changed to Punjab. The tetrad princely states of southwest Pakistan formed the Baluchistan States Union in 1952.The One Unit policy was enforced in 1955, whereby the provinces and princely states of the western wing were merged to form the new province of West Pakistan with Lahore as the provincial capital.Simultaneously East Bengal was renamed as East Pakistan with Dhaka as the provincial capital.In 1960 the federal capital was moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi and then to Islamabad when it was completed, followed in 1961 by the spinal fusion of the Federal Capital Territory into West Pakistan. West Pakistan was di ssolved in 1970 by President Yahya khan and four new provinces were created.East Pakistan became item-by-item in December 1971 as the new country of Bangladesh.In 1974 the hold up of the princely states (Hunza and Nagar) were finally abolished and their territorial dominion merged with the Gilgit Agency to form the northern Areas and later as Gilgit Baltistan province. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) was formed from parts of Hazara, districts of Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan in 1975.The status of the Islamabad area was changed to a capital territory in 1981.In 2010, the NWFP changed its name to KPK. This change of name regenerated the notion of creating to a greater extent(prenominal) provinces in Pakistan on various factors and drivers.The present day Pakistans administrative units1is as under--SerAdministrative UnitPopulationArea (Km)Population minginess(Per Km)a.Baluchistan Province4.8%39.3%18.9b.Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province12.9%8.5%238.1c.Punjab Province53.7 %23.3%358.5d.Sindh Province22.2%16.0%216e.Islamabad Capital Territory0.6%0.1%888.8f.Federally Administered Tribal Areas2.3%3.1%116.7g.Azad Kashmir2.2%1.5%223.6h.Gilgit-Baltistan1.3%8.2%24.8Total100%100%193.9The issue of the creation of new provinces has become an ardent debate it has started with the KPK (Hazara) and Punjab (Saraiki and Bahawalpur) but may not begin or end there afterward. While supporting the creation of new provinces may appear an easy way out for the political die harders, it is going to be a difficult task to actually carve them out. at once the genie is out it will not be possible to force it back into the bottle. Like creation of new districts, addition of provinces would become a political appeasement tool in a run up to apiece election. At the end of the day, country is likely to end up having a provincial map very close to an existing administrative entity called Division.Pakistan-New-Provinces.jpgpolitical Structure of PakistanFederal Form of Governme nt and Implications on Provinces. Pakistan is a federation by constitution 1973. The 1st and foremost feature of the federalism is the existence of two sets of constitution including national / state and regional or provincial. separately is free to function within its own defined field. respective(a) features of the federal system, which are its essence and clearly indicate our limitations, are as under-It maintains a written constitution which establish the relationship amongst federations various elements.Division of powers between federation and various entities is on regional / territorial basis and written in law. It does not have some special formula and every country has make it as per its own requirements.Federal system believes in de-centralized of powers.Common features including the existence of independent judiciary.It is an attempt in heterogeneous societies to promote coop and coordinated in the social, political, economy and governing body fields as well as re spect and accommodation of diversity for various constituent units.Certain factors which facilitate the silver-tongued function of federalism including-Units mustiness share the sense of comm accordance. in that respect should be no sharp disparity in size, visions and population.Equitable sharing of economy resources.Geographical contiguity.Democratic form of Government and greater decentralization.Political Populous Support in Various Provinces for Different Political Parties. The passage of 18th amendment and the change in the name of NWFP to KPK has arose a sense of deprivation in the mint of Hazara which resulted in the abrupt increase in the pace of the causal agent for the demand of Hazara province for which to a greater extent than a 12 pile lost their lives in April 2010 . In the kindred vain the Nawab of Bahawalpur paced up his demand for a separate province the Saraiky province seekers want to scram two districts of KPK and 19 districts of Southern Punjab to ma ke their province. Will it be possible in the light of flow rate party position in Punjab assembly to acquire two third votes for the division of the province? much thanover The government that already have the blood of dozen innocent people of Hazara on its hands can be comprehend to allow its two districts to be taken by someone else? each this shows that our motherland is going towards a series of constitutional, political ethnic and pecuniary crisis, which are anticipated as the adverse effects of the creation of new provinces in Pakistan. Meanwhile the master stroke of the chief minister of Punjab (his contention of bifurcating Sindh) has further heated this political debate and has exposed many faces believe more in regionalism than in nationalism. Following have to be considered-There will be a new debate of the division of revenues, new provincial consolidated funds should be created irrespective of the fact whether the newly created provinces are able to make their way or they will levy to be other liability on the federation.Let us plead that the government admits to the demands of the new provinces, what will be the result? More ethnic movements will arise and different ethnicities will ask for separate province on the bases of their ethnicity, some pressure groups will press hard for the creation of new provinces that will severely undermine the already divided sense of nation hood. The creation of new provinces on the bases of ethnicity will be another blow to the already in questioned ideology of Pakistan. Moreover many Nawabs of the states (that exceeded to Pakistan after its independence) will follow the footsteps of Nawab of Bahawalpur that will create another dilemma.If the creation of new provinces will not result in the automatic cash advance of the management, if the creation of more administrative units on ethnic lines is going to give away the sense of nation hood, if more provinces cannot help in bridging the gulf between t he ruler and the ruled and if the multiplication of the number of federating units is anticipated to create more constitutional problems that would require another 64 years to solve them then why this frenzy of the creation of new provinces in Pakistan has been created at the time when the land of pure is already in crises.Punjab its Political Dynamics with reviewer to initiation of Sarikistan Province. Alone Punjab accounts for over more than 50% of the population of the country while Balochistan which is having around 50% of the countrys whole area, is having only 5% of the population. With the movement of Hazara province and 18th amendment there come up a explosive demand for Sareiki Province including two districts of KPK and 19 districts of Punjab. There are three major political parties having different views-PML (N). This party is not in favour of creation of provinces in Punjab, rather want to have broader consideration. Party wants to have more no of provinces on admini stration grounds and irrespective of the demands of people.PML (Q). It is an imp actor in this scene. It is in favour of separate province in the southern part of Punjab to capitalize on its popularity for political reasons.PPP. Again incisively to lower the popularity and Government of PML (N), they are in favor of creation of this province. otherwise Political Parities. Many small political parties such as MQM, Jamat-e-Islami and JUI does not have considerable influence due to less no of seats in provincial assembly.Change of Political Affiliations. Most of the MNAs keep on switching their political affiliations as per the popular sentiments. This is not for want of the advance of people rather it is for self served future political earns. This trend is more pronounced like once elections are nearing.PART-IIARGUMENTS FAR AGAINST NEW PROVINCESProposals and Political Demands2There are many proposals for creation of more provinces in Pakistan. Whereas, each exponent has logic in support of the proposal, these require deliberation ahead taking a final decision in national interest. besides many voices, most prominent are from Mr.Javaid Hashmi who is a renowned Seraiki politician in Multan, the astronomicalst city in the Seraiki belt. He has on previous occasion supported the creation of new provinces in order to emend governance quality and adm efficiency and had implied support for a Seraiki province. According to Hashmi, a province should be created which incl Multan and Bahawalpur, adding that in the future to solve problems Karachi, Lahore and Quetta could also be made into provinces3. The PML-N has approved in principle the formation of new provinces strictly on adm basis Summary of various proposals appeared in media is as fol4-Proposal advocatorMotiveRemarksRestoration of former Bahawalpur ProvinceMuhammad Ali Durrani, PML(Q)Ijaz-ul-Haq (PML(Q)PoliticalHistory macrocosm of Seraiki Province from PunjabPML (Q) and PPPPoliticalLinguistic world of Haz ara Province from KPKHazara ProvincePoliticalHistoryLinguisticCreating more provinces from Punjab alone on history / linguistic basisMr Ayaz AmirLinguisticCreating province from Sindh for Karachi and HyderabadMQM (Initial Stance)PoliticalethnicalCreating more provinces on administrative groundsMr Nawaz Sharif, PML(N)Salim Saifullah, PML (LM)AdministrativeCreating more provinces from all provincesPML (N)MNA Javed Hashmi, PML(N)PoliticalAdministrationCase for new provinces is also based on the continuous neglect of the far flung areas by successive regimes and marginalization of people residing on peripheries of existing provinces in terms of economic development builds a strong case for creation of small units especially with the high population density in certain areas making the quality of service slant by existing mechanisms poorer and poorer. In fact this panel feels that one major cause of poor governance is failure to create new provinces. As such the followers points also merit attention-Population Growth. The one hundred eighty million population with 60 million plus alone in Punjab demands creation of new provinces to develop the areas lagging behind current provincial headquarters / big cities in particular.Spatial Disparities. It is critical that the new provinces are created to call in spatial disparities, develop infrastructure set up schools, colleges, hospitals. The creation of new provinces will allow the structured development of areas hitherto fore in a state of utter neglect due to neglect of time out their urgent needs.Over Burdened Politicians / Bureaucrats. Paucity of time with elected representatives / bureaucrats to entertain issues confronting residents of peripheral areas. The creation of new provinces will hasten up focused dev dispel notes of marginalization and deprivation by the people who have to wait for days in provincial capitals to get a hearing from the elected representatives and bureaucrats who are busy in the issue s confronting mega cities like Karachi, Lahore and the extraordinary law and order issues of Peshawar and Quetta.Comparative Study5India. In India, on the other hand language was used as a basis of provincial divisions. As such, India reorganized and created more provinces on the basis of language. In Pakistan, the governments in power felt that language was not an acceptable basis or legitimate source of identity and the creation of new provinces were continuously opposed. The criteria for new provinces on the basis of language were felt to be a potential cause of political destabilization. As such demand/creation of language-based provinces was considered as taboo. Apart from their core communities, these provinces contained large ethnic minorities, which retained provincial aspirations of their own, e.g. Pakhtuns in Balochistan, Mohajirs (Urdu speaking migrants from India) in Sindh, Siraiki-speakers in south Punjab and Hindko-speakers in the Hazara division of NWFP. More over in Pakistan there is a requirement for a two-third mass in the two houses of parliament to create a new province, along with consent in the assembly of the provinces concerned. These requirements have made the creation of a new province extremely difficult. In contrast in India, a simple majority of the LokSabha is required while opinion of the state legislature has to be sought.USA. In case of USA, there are 50 states and each state has its own constitution, however, the federation has its control through a federal presidential form of government with the Congress and the Senate.Afghanistan. Afghanistan, our next door dwell has 29 provinces for a population of about 28 million. The division of Afghanistan into provinces is based on ethnic and tribal affinities and these provinces are controlled by the ruler in Kabul historically. The ruler in Kabul unceasingly managed these provinces through the tribal hierarchy. Afghanistan has been subjected to revolutions, civil wars, insurgenc ies and invasions but the unity of Afghanistan remained intact due to large number of smaller provinces. opposite Examples. While large unequal provinces are always prone to breed and fuel secessionist mind-sets, smaller provinces serve as a safety valve against such tendencies. Nigeria, facing religion-bases secessionist war in Biafra Region in 1960s solved this problem by forming smaller provinces. Most of the large and medium sized countries in todays world have divided themselves into smaller provinces or states as administrative units. Examples are-China 34 provinces, India 28 states and seven union territories, Iran 30 provinces, Indonesia 33, Egypt 26, France 26, Germany 16, Nigeria 38, Philippines 80, Thailand 78, Turkey 81 and UK 114 counties.Looking at the systems of other developed and developing countries, we find ourselves a unique display case of federation with almost no parallel anywhere in the world. No country, roughly equal to Pakistan geographical or population size, has so few and such large provinces6.In an unequal setup, no method of government will work. It is a system designed for paralysis which we are already experiencing.Rationale / Necessity7for Having New ProvincesThe neglect of the far flung areas and marginalization of people residing on peripherys of existing provinces in terms of economic development form a major necessity resulting in demand for more provinces. Other reasons are-Exponential Growth. Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. The exponential growth in population demands creation of new provinces to improve service delivery.Neglect of Peripheral Areas. Neglect of many parts due to attention to provincial capitals and big cities resulted in poor governance and state neglect of the peripheral areas by successive Governments.Removal of Disparities. Need to remove special disparities. Develop infrastructure set up schools, colleges and hospitals. New Province creation likely to speed up focused devel opment and dispels feeling of marginalization / deprivation.Opportunities for less Privileged. Creation of more provinces is thought to provide more opportunities for the less privileged classes.End of Dynasty based Politics. It may lead to terminate dynasty-based politics in the country which on rise at the moment. facilitate of Access. On administrative grounds to facilitate poor masses to have access to line departments close to their localities.Grass Roots Level Empowerment. Creating more provinces would empower people at grassroots level to facilitate the people at their doorsteps.Creative use of Ethnic Diversities. Unnatural unity tends to fortify sub-identities and have often weakened the commitment to Pakistani identity. Ethnic diversities, being inerasable components of the human genome, cannot be cured and hence must be endured. In fact, must be celebrated and managed creatively.De-centralization of Power. De-centralization of power to the provinces is necessary. In a m odify system, local representatives make local autonomous decisions towards achievement of its local goals aimed to terminate into national good.Governance improvement. Creation of more provinces may lead to possible improvement in governance.Enhancement of Unity of Nation. Splitting provinces into more compact, businesslike and effective units has the benefit of reducing the importance of provinces, which interfere with the cohesion of the country as one nation.Adm, Log and Cultural Harmony. Once the country will be divided into more compact smaller units, than it will have positive effs. So more provinces are likely to ensure the smooth administrative, logistic and cultural harmony.Estb of the Writ of the State. Failure of the state to establish its writ in many parts of the country has created a situation where widespread neglected populations are in danger of shifting their allegiances to the terrorists, extremists and criminals.Greater Homogeneity. Creation of more provinces will afford greater homogeneity. This homogeneity will benefit the country in overall progress.Reduction of Congestion in boastfully Cities. More provinces means more developed cities and all the population over-crowding towards Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta will be reduced.Distribution of Resources. Distribution of provinces into more compact and smaller units, if coordinated and agreed will result into better distribution of resources.Pakistani Nationalism. It will give rise to Pakistani nationalism rather than Punjabi, Sindhi, sheepskin coat or Balochi, if the division is not based on languages.Filtration of Bad Politicians. It probably will allow the politician to seriously work for their people once they dont have big brother Punjab to blame for deprivation and problems.Rationale / Necessity for Not Having New Provinces8There however are certain impediments which may hinder creation of more provinces. Details are as following-Stress on Pakistani Nationhood. Fear of the stress that they may utilise on the untested foundations of Pakistani nationhood. People were killed in rioting confidential information up to a mere change of name from NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.Rise to Ethnicity. whitethorn give further rise to ethnicity. Creation of more provinces on the basis of ethnicity exacerbates the feeling of isolation. This is a self-destructive tendency. Creating new provinces may affect Pakistans unity like it did to Yugoslavia.Problem of Adm and Pol Realities. Ethnic aspirations cause problems to recognize administrative and political realities. Every ethnic aspiration does not justify a province. If the move to make new provinces catches roots, Pakistan would be de-novo decimated into several petty ethnic provinces.Equality of Geography and Population. The degree of equality of geographical and population sizes crossways provinces may not be a balanced one cock-a-hoop rise to problems of its own.Sindhi Nationalist Ideology. Sindhi nationalists s trongly oppose division of Sindh.Economy Difficulties. ski tow funds locally would be difficult particularly under the current not so healthy state of Pakistans economy.Size. There is no explanation of correct size of a province or state.Division of Punjab. Punjab plays a major part in Pakistan politics and its division may not be accepted by influential politicians.Poor Institutions. Smaller provinces would have lesser human capital and civil society institutions and therefore force be susceptible to the problem of poorer institutions.Inter Provincial Struggle. The division of big provinces may cause inter provincial struggle / friction for resource control.Balkanization. With uncontrolled increase in population growth, the country cannot be subjected to balkanization.Division of Balochistan. Pakhtun province carved out of Balochistan until the more sensitive Baloch grievances are unflinching would be detrimental to Pakistans unity.However, the rationale for the creation of ne w provinces carries more encumbrance due to the fact that development of areas which in the last sixty four years have been unable to show any tangible socio-economic development, the new provinces will enable them to generate their own resources, make their own decisions to regale the years of neglect and lack of focus on areas away from the provincial Capitals and the big cities.PART-IIIOPTIONS AVAL AND ANALLYSISOptions and AnalysisAbove discussion straight away lead us to various options for creation of more provinces or for that matter more administrative units, which are mentioned as under-Option-1. Declare the former administrative commensurate divisions as provinces. However, this would result in creation of over 30 provinces which in the present socio-economic and political circumstances is not viable option.AdvantagesCreation of more than 30 provinces.Creation of more minor administrative units. healthy defined and establish boundaries.Non lingual and ethnic basis.Disadv antagesMore no of administrative units.More expenses.Viability of few administrative units with reference to bearing their own commit will be questionable.Distribution of resources amongst units will be difficult.Option-2. Popular option can be to create more provinces on the basis of cultural, ethnic and linguistic lines. However, such creation would have a negative have-to doe with on national cohesion.AdvantagesSocieties will remain united as per their culture, ethnic and lingual lines.No cultural or ethnic or lingual dichotomies.Most political parties are expected to agree with that.DisadvantagesWill give rise to ethnicity instead of national cohesion.Viability of few administrative units will be questionable.More expensive option.Boundary demarcation will be disputed.Option-3. another(prenominal) option of creating new provinces is base