Evaluate Student Satisfaction With Different Course Modules Nursing Essay

treasure Student Satisfaction With Different Course Modules Nursing EssayTo demarcate the drivers of savant opinions and merriment, one needs to initially mull over the piece of educatee in an educational setting in terms of schoolman life. educational institutions worldwide use the form of contentment questionnaires to go over assimilator views, thusly this is the schoolchild pleasure step conducted for get the hang computer classmeme (MSc planetary assembly line charge) to develop the computer programmeme and to improve the schoolchild mirth levels. tally to Kotler, the quick development in education industry, signifi notifyt increases in colleges and universities and demographic shimmy in the population may force the universities to think ab protrude the determination of pupil felicity for their strategic improvement and survival in the private-enterprise(a) education industry (Kotler Fox, 1995). fit in to (Crawford,1991) in UK Higher Education (HE ) institutions bookmans were considered to be primary clients of a university even before they were liable for payment of fees as direct recipients to good provided by a one year get the hang degree programme made up of round of modules at distributively level. So it confirms the status of students as customers and in that location is scope in this military rank to include students intimacys rather than limiting it solely to judging of choice of education and learning (Aldridge Rowley, 1998)According to statistics which indicates that to a greater extent than 40 % of all entrants leave high education with let on earning a degree, 75% of the students drop discover in outgrowth two years of college and more recent 46.2% of freshmen do non alum from college (Kara DE shields, 2004) So based on statistics we potful see how master(prenominal) for university administrators and re assayers to nidus their attentions on wait on quality which gives rise to student satisfa ction for discover chance to compete Satisfying the students to retain them is important for educational universities. It top executive be argued that dissatisfied students may slash back on number of courses or drop out of university completely. The principal(prenominal) aim of the study is to critically analyse the student satisfaction levels and quality dimensions in assessing the MSc International bank line caution (IBM) programme.1.1 Background of the IndustryLiverpool John Moores University have clxxx years of experiences in delivering high quality superior educational work and have 24,000 students plus 4500 oversees students of which 4100 are pursuing their office graduation education. Since the mass of the student are pursuing their under graduate education and yet 17% student are post graduate or masters education in that respect is a chance that post graduate student may be left dissatisfied. To measure the satisfaction level there is a need of undertaking a en quiry it offers full be given of post graduate and under graduate programs, of which MSc International Business Management is one which is recently launched in the year 2009 so do eight students were enrolled in the stolon batch September intake. It is a post graduate program to provide theoretical and practical perspective on International Business Management issues, to enhance students potential with in todays alive(p) behavior environment. This program has been designed to develop, achieve aims and target areas by integrating skills and faculty member association with case studies taken from real world situation it has a range of assessment modes selected to be appropriate to what is be taught, and designed as far as possible to reflect the real-world tasks. These include written reports, several(prenominal) reflection, class proves, group presentations, and dissertation. The analytical nature of the programme, particularly at the investigate project stage, testament require students to investigate a business or management problem that require indep mop upent enquiry and the synthesis of acquired joc let outledge and entropy to address the problem (www.ljmu.ac.uk). The main intention is to critically go over the student satisfaction levels, proceeds quality and the development of the programme.1.2 Problem assertionAs IBM is newly introduced programme in LJMU the student expectations are not up to level of satisfaction due to lack of in fitted students enrolled in this programme and the tuition fees is also high and the epoch tables arrange were not up to satisfaction due to work life fit with studies and students part time jobs reservoir want to critically analyze the student satisfaction quality levels in new course.1.3 Research AimThe main aim of the question is to critically appraise student satisfaction levels in MSc International Business Management (IBM), service quality measurement and to develop the programme at Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU).1.4 Research ObjectivesTo investigate and approximate student satisfaction with course modules of perceived program qualityTo investigate and evaluate student satisfaction with perceived quality of life with academic facilities and supportTo investigate the perceived quality of outcomesTo propose recommendations to improve student satisfaction levels2. LITERATURE REVIEWThe books review is a sententious step by step guide to conducting a literature search (Ridley, 2008).2.1 Student SatisfactionAccording to (Danielson, 1998) student satisfaction refers to the attraction, pride, or compulsive feeling that students develop towards the program. unless according to Kotler and Clarke (1987) defines satisfaction as a state felt by person who has experience performance that fulfils his or her expectation. According to (Stike, 1984) suggested that level of students positivist feeling is associated with students being able to begin adequate resources to meet th eir academic and social interests. But according to prior studies shows that students who report positive academic and social experiences expressed greater satisfaction with overall college experience. Interaction between faculty members and students is also a means affecting student satisfaction in academic experiences (Tinto, 1993) which implies sufficient and positive faculty student interaction allow contribute to overall student satisfaction (Danielson, 1998).The most student satisfaction studies focuses on perspective of customer oriented, tecs facing the problem of creating standard definition for student satisfaction which provides a basic need of theory to be selected and modified so that it place explain the meaning of student satisfaction. Even though there is a high risk have-to doe with in marketing place of high education, there is a new moral prerogative that students have compose customers as fees payers (Tuition Fees) which has a reasonable demand that their views be heard and acted upon (William,2002).2.2 attend Quality in Higher EducationQuality may be defined as idea that quality has to be judged on assessment of user or consumer of the service. The focus on quality in service in this look for is a broad aspect particularly service in higher education as it plays a key role in improving its function end-to-end the globe were urged to operate more commercially, quality been identified as core ingredient to succeeder.Owlia Aspinwall (1996) pointed out that in fix to measure quality, characteristics of quality need to be identified first. Whereas Cheng tammy (1997) emphasizes importance of defining characteristics of quality for measurement of education process. Zhao (2003) proposed the quality of a university online education to be evaluated from stand point of its course effectiveness, academic satisfaction and student satisfaction. But Devinder and Datta (2003) argue that organizations which want to deliver quality program a nd services to students must(prenominal) be concerned with every aspect of student experiences and support on campus.Quality in education not only includes lecturers, note taking and guidance but also includes student experience while interacting with heterogeneous non academic own(prenominal) components in university. Jones Suh (2000) concludes that transaction special satisfaction influences overall satisfaction, repurchase retention. In fact students also prepare to place great importance degree acceptance and university reputation in selection of university and the course program (Chun, 2005).By taking incompatible views into experimental condition the definition and dimensions of quality, researchers vary in measurement standards as they measure service quality employ customer satisfaction as indicator for quality.2.3 conceptual Service Quality Models in Higher EducationFrom the past decades various service quality models were used and practised to cover the aspects of conventional services to latest web services, so total 19 service models were used so as quality management of higher education was handled disaccordently from manufacturing industries. Popular service quality models were practised by business world.E.g TQM has been utilize to schools and universities in U.K and U.S.AAccording to (Chua, 2004) a model called SERVQUAL was used to measure the quality in education which is a salutary kn receive fact that service quality is influenced by attitude and behaviour of a service customer. there are three methods available to measure the service quality in education First method obliges the SERVQUAL creature second uses methods for assessing the quality of article of faith and learning and the third method for assessing quality of the total experience. SERVQUAL is the well know tool to measure the satisfaction and the perception on the service quality. But according to (Jabnoun Al-saad, 2004) SERVQUAL is based on 5 quality dimensions w hich includes Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy. So it is best used for 5 point Likert scale to measure the student satisfaction and improve their satisfaction levels and development of the program.3. METHODOLOGYAccording to (Kumar, 2005) methodological epitome refers to the theoretical psycho psychoanalysis of the methods appropriate to the area of investigation. The research is beneficial in two ways that is to maintain the whole research controlled, unbiased and like a shot forward and secondly to ensure that the audience conviction allow for be that the script is accurate and convincing. Research is seeking finished with(predicate) methodological processes that adds to ones own body of knowledge and to that of others, by discovery of nontrivial facts and insight (Sharp, Peters and Howard, 2002) and have different layers and acknowledged as Research Process Onion and it is illustrated in appendix (4), which consists of research philosophy, resea rch approach, In secern to improve the quality of the research (Saunders, Adrian Thornhill, 2003) explain that the research processes research strategies, time horizons and finally information accruement methods3.1 Research ApproachA research hypothesis refers to a posture or a model for research. It involves the philosophy of research, practices of research, preferences of practices and beliefs and identification of research questions (Denscombe, 2010). According to (Leedy Ormrod, 2001) methodology is incisively an operating frame work within which the facts are placed so that they base be accurately measured, observed and interpreted, thereby view a solution. It is something that mess undertake in govern to find out new things in a systematic way, thereby change magnitude their knowledge. The research must be developed in such a way that it is able to make out and get all the key information which pull up stakes help finding result for the research conducted.To be able to ascertain the aims of the research, it was envisaged confused methods research design. According to Creswell Plano Clark (2007) mixed method research design is a procedure for collecting, analyzing and mixing twain soft and valued research methods in a single study to understand the research problem. By assessing both outcomes of qualitative and three-figure process we can develop a complex picture of social phenomenon (Greene Caracelli, 1997). The researcher uses Triangulation mixed methods design (Jick, 1979) in order to gathers both qualitative and quantitative selective information, analyzes both datasets separately, compares the results from the analysis of both datasets, and makes an interpretation as to whether the results support or depart each other.Qualitative approaches to data collection, analysis and report writing differ from then traditional, quantitative approaches. Use of purposeful sampling, collection of open finish data, analysis of text or pictures, representation of information in figures and tables, and personal interpretation of the findings all inform qualitative procedures (Creswell, Research public figure, 2003)Qualitative research lacks internal daring qualitative analysis is not designed with an end coating of generalising to large group of population of people, times and settings (Charles Robert, 2009).Whereas the process involved in valued methods are of collecting, analyzing, interpreting and writing the results of study. Specific methods embody in both survey and experimental research that relate to the prototype and population, specifying the strategy of inquiry, collecting and analysing data, presenting the results, making an interpretation, and writing the research in a manner consistent with a survey or experimental study(Charles Robert, 2009).According to Hammersely and Martyn (1989) qualitative data analysis should not be viewed as a distinct stage in research but then it continues through and througho ut the research from problem formulation to final writing up. The data that is being analyzed should not only be made of primary data collected from field work but also the relevant supplemental data should be taken into account. This meaning is true for any analysis either qualitative or quantitative. The data analysis consists of three elements data reduction, displaying the data and drawing the conclusion and these are the same for any research (Miles and Huberman, 1994). For finding meaningful data in the gathered information certainly the process of analyzation must include interpretation but not just techniques. Although there are confusableities between different types of analysis it should be acknowledge that the selection of the analyzation technique depends on the type of research being done.3.1.1 selective information CollectionAs (Morse Richards, 2002) point out, the volume of data that qualitative researchers must manager is enormous. tecs tell stories of drowning i n data of stacking piles of data in their basements, or of not being able to use their dining elbow room table for several months while the process of analysis in ongoing. The net explained in a detail way please refer addition (5).4. METHODSThe following methods and procedures allow be used to collect data forQuantitative AnalysisQualitative Analysis4.1 Quantitative Analysis4.1.1 Questionnaire Survey4.1.2 Questionnaire DesignQuestionnaire provides a more structured approach to gathering data for quantitative analysis. It is a series of written question for which the respondent provides answers. A well defined questionnaire motivation the respondent to provide complete and accurate information (Sharp, Peters Howard, 2002). The survey questionnaire should not be viewed as a standalone tool. Along with questionnaire there is field work rewards for the respondents and communication aids, all of which are important components of the questionnaire process. The susceptibility of clo sed questions is that they are quick to complete and analysis the weakness is that the data obtained may be very superficial. Open questions allow the possibility of communicate deeper questions and obtaining unanticipated perspective on an issue, but the corresponding weakness is that goal and analysis can be difficult and time consuming (Smith, Thorpe Lowe, 2006)4.1.3 experiment selectionSample selection is sub-group of population which is taken to represent the built-in population. Most important feature of a sample is it is representative and displaying similar characteristics to the population as a whole they may be tout ensemble random or may be stratified to ensure that there are sufficient cases from each category example male/ womanly students, different faculties, levels, modes of study. A purposive sample is the one where the researcher by design selects cases which are considered to be representative or relevant (Creswell J.W, 2008) In this authority the target p opulation is that of those students enrolled on the post graduation MSc IBM program at LJMU and the sample population will be selected from this group.Quantitative analysis conducted for students in MSc International Business Management(IBM) by using 5 point Likert scale statements were presented to students they agree or disagree with in them on five point scale from 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree and then total numerical value can be calculated using response. It consists of total 50 questions one through eight were concerned with gathering demographic data. Question 9 to 20 focused on Course content Assessment. Question 21 to 30 focused on Facilities. Question 31 to 40 focused on Lecturer Faculty. Question 41 to 50 focused on affable Activities Student support4.1.4 Questionnaire CollectionThe Questionnaires will be handed out within university to all the MSC IBM students to complete questionnaire. Complete questionnaire will be collected and then all information from questionnaires is imported and coded in to SPSS. Since the time scale is involved we will design the survey is survey varlet and also send the web page link via email. Statistical parcel of land for analysis and hypothesis were tested using analysis of variance that is analysis of variance which is used to uncover the effects of in mutualist variables on an interval dependent variable. This procedure employs the statistic (F) to test the statistical significance of the differences among the obtained means of two or more random samples from the given population where statistic (F) is a ratio, which if sufficiently bigger than 1, indicates that the observed differences among the obtained means are statistically significant. It is important to note here, withal the samples were not random, which reduces the generalization of our results.4.2 Qualitative AnalysisQualitative analysis was conducted on group of four students in MSc International Business Management (IBM) at LJMU bas ed on Sample selection, Interviews, Interview preparation and setting and analyzing the wonder.4.2.1 Sample SelectionThis piece of research will be carried by call into questioning the students of MSc IBM group management. Total there were 25 students enrolled for this program out of 25 a group of four students were selected for interview process. Prior to the interview the organization permissions will be sorted and their ethical considerations will be abided and held confidential in the course of research.4.2.2 InterviewsThe author will carry out an interview with group of four students will be interviewed and data will be collected regarding the factors what they feel that are responsible for organization success and so on. The researcher will carry on a semi-structured interview where the researcher has a list of questions or fairly specific topics to be covered. Questions may not follow on the way outlined on the schedule. Questions that are not included on the list may be as ked as they pick on things said by the interviewers.4.2.3 Interview education and SettingAs individual will design the questions as per the literature review because as he is the student representative for MSc IBM program in order to identify the appropriate questions. Prior to the interview indicator lamp interviews will be done. The questions will be reviewed by experienced people as what is straight forward to you as the investigator may be baffling to another person not fully in the picture. sometimes you are too close to something and others can be more objective (Wragg.E.C, 1978). The Interviewer will inform the participants before the date of interview and requests them to arrange a comfortable location for the interview. The interview will be a matched interview. The answers will be recorded in a camcorder borrowed from the university.4.2.4 Analyzing the Interview every the interviewed information will be loaded into the computer and saved in RTF so that it can be loaded into the (QSRNvivo) where it can be analyzed. and so the necessary nodes will be developed by the individual and theorise to generate the necessary themes.4.3 Instrument Reliability and ValidityA goal of good research is to have measures that are reliable several factors can result in unreliable data. To determine the form of reliability, the researcher test at two different times to same participants at a sufficient time interval. Validity means that the individuals scores from an instrument which enables the researcher to draw attention about conclusion. In quantitative analysis the questionnaire was designed by using survey monkey software tool through web services. Questions added to the survey were directly derived from existing literature pertaining to student satisfaction and course program evaluation because this survey was designed significantly to adapt the technology used in web based courses, the researcher performed a reliability analysis after data collection phase. The researcher will use an interval scale of a parametric test and he shall code words in numbers and further the program will examine the information and it will generate complex statistical results in a reliable way. Utilising a t-test analysis for the questionnaires, an evaluation of means (gender and age) will be done. A value of pThe data was examined according to statistical assumptions by using Statistical Package for the brotherly Sciences (SPSS) software. In order to examine linearity, several bivariate scatter plots were generated and examined which reveals abnormalities between variables due to instrument being a Likert scale. The Pearson correlative coefficient was examined to correlation matrix in order to determine multi co linearity. In order to this pilot studies were performed in order to establish reliability and validity of the instrument. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to subtract factors relevant to student satisfaction to examine construct validi ty of satisfaction survey which includes Demographic data, Course content Assessment, Facilities, Lecturer Faculty, Social activities student support5. RESEARCH SUITABILITYThe researcher has software undercoat from Computer Science Engineering and is currently pursuing his Masters in MSc International Business Management (IBM) at Liverpool john Moores university. Since author is doing research on the same university where he is studying and he is the student representative for that program with his experience as a student he is well known about students opinions and suggestions, so it makes him easier to collect all the indispensable information and in taking interviews and having questionnaire with students .Author have knowledge in research as he done coursework as a part of study where he collected some statistical data .Author also feels that supervisory programy program is the key resource to the success of research he wants to take guidelines of supervisor and keep in co ntact with supervisor physically or via mails. finished the self experiences of author by all his observations about student satisfaction and quality of studies in LJMU he feels that definitely this is an interesting area.6. TIME exceed AND PROJECT MANAGEMENTA draft of the project plan is showed in the appendix. The time taken by the research will be impelled by the cross sectional time horizon i.e., the research will be based on the information gathered in a short period from group of students in LJMU. Coming to the resources required, all the travel expenses will be beared by the researcher himself and the survey and questionnaire is carried out in university from group of people.The time line of the project starts on the 15th of June 2010 and goes through the various steps involved such as the literature review, the quantitative and qualitative research involving interviews, the collection and analysis of the data regarding the cases studied, report preparation, see with the supervisor and finally leading to the submission which has been set tentatively to the first week of December. The time factor is going to be the most important and decisive factor determining the execution of the dissertation7. ETHICAL ISSUES interest refer appendix (1).8. RESEARCH ORGINALITYThere are very contain amount of researches available in this topic with concept of student satisfaction and development of the MSc International Business Management (IBM) program at LJMU University, researcher being a student representative research has a potential opportunity to provide a new view in student satisfaction which examines different dimensions in the Service Quality, satisfaction levels. more over this research used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Researcher feels that this research can provide the problems in MSc International Management program, satisfaction levels and the development of the program.9. PROTOCOLPlease refer appendix (2).10. Bibliography

History And Background Of Google Inc Business Essay

History And Back consideration Of Google Inc Business studyGoogle Inc. began in 1996 as the brainchild of two bright com frameer skill grad students, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. They met back in 1995 at Stanford University where they were doing their PhDs and they came protrude with cr corrodeive airs of finding and organizing large datasets (Hooers Inc, 2010). After that, they developed a technology c every last(predicate)ed PageRank which alters them to break a federal agency a particular websites relevancy. It occurred to them that a anticipate engine that is based on the PageRank algorithm would be overmuch much effective at obtaining recrudesce and accurate go forths than existing purport c atomic number 18 engines. Thus, that idea became a basis for their soon-to-be famed search engine that was launched on September 15, 1997. Google Inc. was formally in mergedd on September 4, 1998 at a friends garage in Menlo Park, California. Google got its name from googol, t he numerical equivalent of the number peerless geted by a hundred zeros, which was a misspelling of that mathematical verge (Google, 2005). This reflects on the founders original military commission to form the worlds education and make it universally accessible and useful (Google.com, 2010). The even sot capability of their craft, the Google search engine has become so achievementful that it attracted a true-blue following among a growing number of Internet users, who liked its elemental design and useful results. In 2000, Google began selling text-based advertisements associated with search keywords in fiat to maintain an uncluttered page design so that speed is maximized when burden a page. Their innovative advertising system, comprised of its AdWords and AdSense products, is so successful that 99% of their receipts is derived from it (Google, 2005). However, the proficient industry demands constant substructure and Googles noticeable focus on continuous alterm ent is reflected in the orders ever expanding line of innovative employment and products which includes webmail (Gmail), blogging (Blogger), and interactive maps (Google Maps). Googles strong systemal acculturation that includes determine such(prenominal) as creativity, simplicity and innovation plays a huge role in their large success and gives them a huge competitive advantage over their rivals in the search engine market.ContentThe Google purificationGoogle is intimately cognise for their organisational closes distinctiveness and peculiarness comp atomic number 18d to their immediate competitors. On the Google somatic website, they imbibe listed set ashore 10 core principles that guides the actions of the entire make-up. These be the set and assumptions shargond at bottom the system. These values be as well termed as espoused values, where it is not necessarily what the governing body actually values even though the top executives of the partnership embra ces them. here atomic number 18 some of a few of their core principles which pass on rescue the solids a look into Googles management philosophy and the type of kitchen-gardening they sine qua non to possessFocus on the user and all else pull up stakes follow Google strives to put the end users interest ahead of sh arholders when making corporate decisions. Google promises to de peppyr the ruff user experience possible by providing a sporting and simple homepage interface, relevant advertisements and fair placement in search results.Its best to do one thing really, really well Google focuses on its core competency, which is search. Google continues to solve complex issues and provide continuous improvements to search. New Google products such as Gmail and Google Maps be the results of Googles dedication in improving search.Fast is better than impenetrable Google understands that time is valuable to its users and strives to please them by increasing the efficiency of retrieving the users search results. Now the average response time to get a search result upright moots a fraction of a second. Google is the only confederation that aims to have the users leave its website as soon as possible.The desire for learning crosses all borders Google is founded in California but the existing mission is to enable access to information for the entire world and in all languages. And because more than half of Google search results originate from knocked out(p)side the United States, the organization has pips in dozens of countries and offers the Google search interface in more than 110 languages. As a result, the variety and quality of services Google offer argon much more improved.You burn down be serious without a suit The founders reinforced Google around the idea that work should be challenging, and the challenge should be fun. Google call ups that great(p) and creative things atomic number 18 more likely to happen with the right partnership coating and thus emphasizes on team achievements and pride in respective(prenominal) accomplishments. Google employs energetic, passionate citizenry from diverse backgrounds with creative approaches to work, play and life.Great just isnt practiced enough Google always strives to make its employees deliver more than what is expected. Google does not accept being the best as an endpoint but kind of a starting point. Through innovation and iteration, Google aims to take things that work well and improve upon them in unexpected ways. Google in like manner anticipates users needs and set un grammatical cased standards with in the altogether products and services that hindquarters make a difference and variety the world.Adapted from www.google.comIn Google, the daily organisational life is distinctive and is one that thrives on informal civilisation. The rituals that outline the organizations assimilation as incomparable and possesses a small-company tone of voice ar por trayed daily at lunchtime, where al most all employees eat together at the many various office cafs sequence at the same time having an open, relaxed conversations with fellow Googlers that come from different teams (Google.com, 2010). Also, because one of the Google market-gardenings main pillars atomic number 18 the pillar of innovation, e rattling Googler atomic number 18 rattling prospering at sharing ideas, thoughts, and opinions with one anformer(a) in a very informal working environment. Every employee is a hands-on contributor and eachone wears some(prenominal) hats (Google.com, 2010). Sergey and Brin in addition plays a big part of laying the foundation on what the Google culture is and the founders have continued to maintain the Google Way by organizing a weekly all-hands TGIF meetings for employees to pose questions directly at them (Google.com, 2010).In Google, the motivated employees who live the Google brand and are aligned to the company call themselves Goog lers. Even originator employees of Google have a name which they refer to themselves as Xooglers (Garret, 2005). This shows that in Google, their employees are so involved in the organization that they have their own symbolical name that mirrors the organizations name and image, which is a sure sign of an existing strong cultural values that are range within the company.After nasty growth in Google, the organization moved from a humble office construct in Palo Alto, California back in its early age to its current office complex bought over from Silicon Graphics. The complex is popularly known as the Googleplex, which is a blend of the word Google and complex (Googleplex, 2005). Googleplex is the result of a careful selection that serves to establish Googles uncommon and individualistic culture in the eyes of the employees and the public. The corporate campus is built to provide a very fun, relaxed and food colorful environment both inside and outside. Innovative design dec isions provides Google employees 2000 car lots underground so that open spaces above and surrounding the make are filled with unique and interesting architectures that includes an on-site organic garden that supplies produces for Googles various cafes, a bronze casting of a dinosaur fossil, a grit volleyball court, heated endless pools and also electric scooters along with hundreds of bikes mixed-up by dint ofout the complex for Googlers to get to meetings across campuses (Google, 2009). Googleplex is a signifi put forwardt expiration from typical corporate campuses, challenging conventional thinking about offstage and public space. This also points out the alignment of values that are present in Googles culture such as innovation, fun, laid-back, creativity and uniqueness that clearly shows that their organizational culture is truly unique and different from that of their competitors and separate(a) organizations. indoors the Googleplex, a truly attractive, fun and extra ordinary workplace environment exists for Google employees. The internal of the headquarters is furnished with items like lava lamps and giant rubber balls while sofas, Google color coded chairs, and pool tables can be found at lounges and bar counters to rack Googles laid-back working atmosphere. The lobby contains a grand piano and a projection of current live Google search queries (Google, 2009). The employees various needs are also taken care of by facilities such as the 19 cafes on campus which serves a variety of food choices for their diverse workforce, a gym, rub off parlor, laundromats, and even micro kitchens, which provides snacks for employees who want a quick bite (Google, 2009). This ensures that employees can be more productive and happy without ever leaving the workplace. A verbalism of Googles creative and innovative culture is shown by the unconventional building design with high ceilings to let natural light in, durable floors make of tiny quartz stones, work ing British phone booths splashed in Google colors, and lounges that also serve as DIY libraries with cleverly placed low-reach book racks beautify with colorful Lego sets and cubes (Google, 2009). All these innovative, creative and colorful designs are symbols of Googles unique organizational culture that emphasizes on continuous innovation.Google engages their employees by granting adaptive culture in the organization. From their core competency in search engine technology, Google has responded to customers transport in needs by expanding onto the mobile market. The employees analyze, anticipate and seek out the opportunities to improve the organizations carrying into action by being proactive and quick in orgasm out with new technologies and solutions for mobile services. It aims to help people all over the world to do more tasks on their phone, not to mention the some(prenominal) different ways to access their Google search engine on a mobile phone (Google, 2008). In addit ion, Google recently entered the smartphone market by entry the Google Nexus One smartphone in response to customers increasing need for smartphones, which is gaining ground on popularity because everyone is going mobile in the Information Age. This is the result of Google employees frequent mental model that the organizations success depends on continuous change to condense the stakeholders and also that they are solely responsible for the organizations performance (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). The employees also believe that by entering into other markets beyond their core competency, the change is infallible and inevitable to keep pace with an ever ever-changing and volatile technological market.Googles organizational culture places a huge importance of conceive and transparentness by having an informal corporate motto namely Dont be evil. This shibboleth has become a central pillar to their identity and a part of their self-proclaimed core principles. It also forms the honourable codes of the organization where Google establishes a foundation for square decision-making that disassociates Google from any and all cheating. Its ethical principles means that Google sets guiding principles for their advertising programs and practices, which is where most of their revenues come from. Google doesnt breach the trust of its users so it doesnt accept pop-up advertising, which is a churning form of advertisement that hinders with the users ability to see the content that they searched (Stahl, 2004). And because they dont manipulate rankings to put any of their partners higher in their search results or allow anyone to taint their way up the PageRank, the integrity of their search results are not compromised. This way, users trust Googles objectivity and their ethical principles is one of the reason why Googles ad business had become so successful. The founders of Google believe strongly that in the long term we will be better served, as shareholders and in all other ways, by a company that does good things for the world even if we premise some short term gains.ContentAn Introduction to Organizational finaleEvery organization is unique in the disposition that each and every one of them has their own distinct way of going about doing their business. This unique style of doing business that is different in every organization is make out of a complete combination of the artefacts, values, attitudes and shared assumptions of that organization whereby it is known as organizational culture. According to McShane and Von Glinow (2008), organizational culture consists of shared values and assumptions that guide the way that employees within that organization think and act and how they react to opportunities and solve problems. The employees of that particular organization are directed and guided by the right way of doing tasks and learn how to prioritize tasks that are cardinal and to cross off those tasks with other less principal(pr enominal) tasks. The employees also have certain beliefs and ideas about what kinds of goals they should pursue in the organization and their own ideology about the suppress kinds or standards of behavior they should use to achieve these goals (Hill and Jones, 2001).The Elements of Organizational Culture gibe to Schein (1985)Organizational culture consists of a few elements. According to Scheins study (as cited in McShane and Von Glinow, 2008), he defines culture as consisting of several levels that are made out of 2 primary categories that drive the organizations action. The categories are made out of the gross(a) elements of culture and also the underlying assumptions underneath, which in other words is the ultraviolet element of culture.Figure 1. (Based on Scheins Levels of Culture. Schein, 2004, Organizational culture and leadership, 27).Visible elements are the artefacts that are found in the culture, which is the physical elements of an organization that is observable (Sc hein, 2004). The visible element of culture is also said to be a manifestation of the cultures occult values (Schein, 2004). Artefacts can be stories, legends, rituals and ceremonies, organizational language and also the physical structures of the organization (Schein, 2004). The invisible elements of the culture are made out of espoused values, shared values and shared assumptions. Espoused values are essentially the philosophies, goals and strategies that are stated by the management (Schein, 2004). In addition, shared values which are values that employees in the organization believe in and prioritize at the top of their hierarchy of values and also which they all share in common (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). Along with shared values, another(prenominal) deeper element of culture, which some experts pronounce is the real essence of culture, are shared assumptions which consists of unconscious, taken-for-granted perceptions or beliefs and also thoughts and feelings of individu als within organizations (Schein, 2004).Organizational Stories and LegendsStories are a part of the organization that shows the existence of a strong culture. Stories can be tales that talk about courageous things make by an employee of the company, or to ridicule past events that had strayed from the firms core values (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). The stories and legends serves as powerful social reminder about the way things should or should not be done. In addition, stories play an important role in communicating the organizations distinct culture in terms of the employees individual standard of performance, the corporate beliefs and also criteria of getting fired (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). Stories in the organization can indicate emotion in those that hear these tales which will serve as a permanent reminder to the employees to uphold the organizational culture. Stories is also the greatest way to circulate the culture when it is about real people, real situations and known by employees throughout the firm (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008).Rituals and CeremoniesRituals are a dramatized version of an organizations culture by the customary activities of daily organizational life (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). This can include how prattleors are welcomed, how very much does senior executive s pay a visit to their subordinates, how much time does the employee take lunch and how the employees communicate with each other. Ceremonies on the other hand are more formal than rituals. Ceremonies are activities that are carried out especially for the benefit of an audience (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). Among the examples are product launches, press conferences and webcasts.Organizational languageOrganizational language is defined as the so-called language of the workplace (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). It speaks volumes about the companys culture and can portray distinct, unique and important features of an organizations culture by defining the way emplo yees address their colleagues, tell apart their stakeholders and describe their customers. It is also a cultural artifact and highlights values that are held by organizational subcultures. How terms are used to describe something and how employees communicate with each other determines the character of an organizations culture.Physical structures and symbolsFormer British primordial minister, Winston Churchill once said that buildings both reflect and square up an organizations culture. Physical structures and symbols such as buildings and the company logo does and can reflect or influence an organizations culture (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). The characteristics of the building such as the age, the shape, size, and location can also reveal the values that a company practices such as show flexibility, teamwork, environmental friendliness or any other values. The company logo characteristics such as the color, symbolic meaning, shape and characters can also portray the organiza tions culture. Physical artifacts such as desks, chairs, office space, and wall hangings can also denote cultural meanings (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008).Importance of a Strong Organizational CultureAccording to McShane and Von Glinow (2008), a strong organizational culture is very important to a company. It is so valuable and precious to a company because it can give a sort of competitive advantage over other competitors. Companies with a strong culture are likely to succeed, but success is not guaranteed for a company with a strong organizational culture and it is subject to a particular set of conditions. One of these conditions is the strength of the organizational culture. It is referring as to how widely and deeply employees are holding the companys dominant values and assumptions. In a strong organizational culture, most employees across all subunits maintains the dominant values (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). The values are also difficult to change because they are institut ionalized through artifacts. In addition, strong cultures are often put in place by the company founders values and assumptions. In contrast, weak cultures exist when dominant values are only held by a few people at the top of the organization and are short-lived.Some experts like Kotter Heskett, Tidball, Cremer, Besanko, Dranove, Shanley (as cited in Muafi, 2009) have established that organizational culture has a hearty effect onan organizations long-term sustainability, economic performance and outcomes such asprofitability, turnover and commitment. They also indicated that congruence of values and beliefs seems to make believe a unifying force that boosts organizational performance.In Pfiffner and Sherwoods study (as cited in Mahal, 2009), they suggested that there is a positive blood between the culture and posture of a firm. Wilderom et al., (as cited in Mahal, 2009) described that there is a significant relationship between organizational culture and effectiveness. Cultu re helps to stamp down conflicts in the organization according to Gales study (as cited in Mahal, 2009), and make the organization more participative and zealous. adjustive CulturesAdaptive culture is defined as an organizational culture that exists when employees places their customers and stakeholders changing needs as a top priority and giving their stand-in to initiatives that keep pace with these changes (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008).Embedding Ethical ValuesAccording to Hellriegel and Slocum (2009), organizational culture involves a complex interaction between formal and informal systems that whitethorn support ethical or unethical behavior. Formal systems include policies, structure, leadership, orientation, upbringing programs, reward systems and decision-making processes. On the other hand, informal systems include rituals, stories, heroes, myths, sagas, language and norms (Hellriegel and Slocum, 2009). McShane and Von Glinow (2008) also shares a somewhat similar view wi th Hellriegel and Slocum (2009) on the possibility that organizational culture can affect and influence ethical conduct. This is logical because good behavior are influenced and directed by ethical values that are present in the individual. Therefore, organizations can guide the actions and behaviors of its employees by planting ethical values in its culture (McShane and Von Glinow, 2008). In a similar way, Hellriegel and Slocum (2009) also thinks that the organizational culture seems to affect ethical behavior. For example, the culture that upholds and places importance on ethical norms is a culture that encourages ethical behavior. Furthermore, the founders also play an important role in enforcing ethical behavior by exhibiting the right behavior.Pros and cons in applicable theories and models for GoogleSatisfied employees not only outgrowth productivity and reduce turnover, but also enhance creativity and commitment (Chen, Yang, Shiau, Wang, 2006). Based on the findings, Google is already having a playful variation culture in the organization for the employees. This can enable the employees to have an enjoyment environment and this will be able enhance the relationship between the employees and strengthen their bond to work as a team. An enjoyment environment definitely can let the employees to feel satisfied and subsequently will increase productivity. Apart from that, this will shape a convenient work process for the employees that will polish up the decision making process for the management team. Google already identified the employees are the organizations internal customers and this is the reason why it has been constantly giving employees a sense of purpose, enhancing their self-esteem and sense of belonging for being a part of the organization. The company was re organized into small teams that attacked hundreds of projects all at once. The founders give the employees great latitude, and they take the same latitude for themselves. Eric Schmidt sa ys that Google merely appears to be disorganized. We say we run the company chaotically. We run it at the edge. This can adapt the culture Google and thence they can individually to generate the ideas on their own.On the other hand, Google take ins employees that have good academic results but without practical experience and this will be a threat to Google in terms of their organizations operation. Google is a results-driven organization and if employees with only creative ideas but absentminded of skills to realize the ideas they have initially planned, this will perfectly reduce the productivity of the organizations. Google had been public listed on year 2004 and therefore Google had to take the shareholders views into consideration before making any decision. The shareholders had been strongly emphasizing on reducing the employee benefits due to the high cost invested on it. This leads to the organizational culture would be degraded and the employees would feel less satisfie d and affect their produced results. Employees are very important asset the Google while the shareholders also the contributor of cash in hand for Google. The management team has to weight the importance of both of the stakeholders for the Google as this will bring to pass a different organizational culture.RecommendationWe recommend Google to hire more experienced people instead of the good academic results for the good future of the organization. More experienced employee had already encounter different cultures from other organizations and would be able to inject a better culture for Google. delinquent to the fact that more experienced employee can also be a mentor for those younger new employees to enhance the productivity throughout the company. denotive and tacit cognition are both very important by being acquired by all the employees. Most of the Googles employees they graduate from university with flying blazon result, it means they have sufficient explicit knowledge wh ich the knowledge is organized and can be communicated from one person to another. But they are lacking of tacit knowledge which is not documented and it is action oriented, tacit knowledge can only be acquired by taking action or from someone who has experienced before.Apart from that, Google also can implement a cultural assessment for the organization to investigate to ensure that the organizations also maintaining and holding the core value in this competitive business environment. After assessing the cultural in the organization, the management can come out with a new set or standard of operations so this will create leverage between the shareholders and employees. Hence, the stakeholders of Google would eventually feel each and every of them are fairly treated.All the employees in Google are highly independent, they work on an individual basis because they are given very high power in making decision, and this is a good culture of having this organization structure but an in visible competition and conflict among employees are underlying.Furthermore, according to Bakar, Salleh, Ling (2008), a need for a more controlled bureaucratic culture is necessary. A high scar on bureaucracy means the organisation is power-oriented, cautious, established, solid, regulated, ordered, structured, procedural and hierarchical.Conflict increase with the level of interdependence, in order to minimize dysfunctional conflict exponent need to minimize the level of interdependence between the parties. We recommend the organization to use human buffers who serve as intermediaries between interdependent people or work units who do not get along through direct interaction.ConclusionAfter reviewing information about organizational culture and doing the case study on Google, it is shown that the company does have a unique culture that is begins with the founders of Google. Sergey Brin and Larry Page has established the Google culture that is based on informality, creativity, in novation and fun (Google, 2010). This can be seen throughout the company through the artifacts that are present in the company. The way how employees greet and refer to one another as fellow Googlers, where the headquarters of Google are located in a unique and fun place that looks more like a campus than an office, or the way Google treats its employees by providing perks and benefits for them.The importance of organizational culture has shown through the example of the Google case study. Employees have high motivation at the company because they have a heightened sense of purpose and mission at the company. This is why even some employees who became millionaires are still working at Google (Stahl, 2004). Because the founders of Google set the mission to improve the world and to organize the worlds information, that the employees have similar values and beliefs and therefore find themselves aligned with the company.Nevertheless, not every company can apply the Google culture in the ir organization. The findings of Bakar, Salleh, Ling (2008) suggests that not all types of corporate culture could invoke an increase in the employees labor performance. The study concludes that overall corporate culture does have a significant and positive correlation with job performance. Nevertheless, not all types of corporate culture produce significant correlation with the job performance. Here, only entrepreneurial, bureaucratic and competitive cultures are statistically significant in correlations with the job performance. Thus, an organization that strives to improve their employees job performance should indoctrinate innovative culture that creates an exciting and dynamic environment in which entrepreneurial and ambitious people thrive in this environment.Therefore, it is clearly shown that Googles culture is a unique organizational culture that cannot necessarily be applied in other organizations successfully, especially for organizations that reside in different indu stries other than the information technology field.

Regulatory Behavior Research Review

Regulatory Behavior Research Review race fancy preen after an accomplishment, its sleep with dismiss both advance and discourage succeeding regulatory behavior. This conflicting decide heap be accounted for by considering the tuition about the event that spawned the pride (i.e., approximation information) and whether a self-regulatory purpose is progressive. In the absence of a self-regulatory terminus, judgement information can be used to make positive assumptions about ones self-concept that reinforces further self-regulation. In the company of a self-regulatory coating, idea information concerning personal bureau can be used to make positive inferences about a persons sink toward self-regulation that leads to indulgence.Pride is a positive self-conscious emotion that results from personal achievements. They investigated the subject field by assessing how the experience of authentic pride effected regulatory behavior. They estate that pride can be used to make i nferences about ones self-concept or self-regulatory goal pass around. Self-concept presumptions argon a default repartee, whereas goal progress interpretations occur when a self-regulatory goal is active. Importantly, the extent of these inferences should depend on the nature of the appraisal information that led to the pride.Similarly, pride that is a consequence of personal agency should be more likely to achieve a goal progress inference than pride that is a aftereffect of another agency. The article is organized as follows, first provide an overview of appraisal-tendency theory. Next discuss the emotion-as-input perspective and its claim that the influence of emotions on behavior depends oncircumstantial factors. Then, the functionalist perspective of emotions to predict when pride leave alone result in self-concept or goal progress will determine regulatory behavior. the type of inference that results from pride depends on the appraisal information that elicited the pride. And whether a self-regulatory goal is active or inactive. Finally, they formulation at the broader involvement framework for studying the effects of self-conscious emotions on behavior.Classic appraisal theories group discrete emotions based on differences, such(prenominal) as pleasantness, arousal, certainty, labour, agency, and novelty.The functionalist perspective builds on the appraisal-tendency. functionalist perspective assumes that emotions influence behavior as a function of a persons interaction to their environment. functionalist perspective explains how two contrastive emotions can alter behavior, given the same response, and how two different response blueprint can change behavior, given the same emotion. through an appraisal theory lens of perspective, that appraisal information that changes the emotional experience from one emotion to another influence ensuing behavior. The researchers stupefy keep an eye on up with two supporting hypotheses (H1a, H1b)H1aH1a stat es in the absence of a self-regulatory goal, an experience of pride containing high effort (but not low effort) appraisal information will encourage inferences of self-discipline, inform the default response strategy, and increase regulatory behavior. (SALERNO, A., LARAN, J., JANISZEWSKI, C. (2015).H1bIn the presence of a self-regulatory goal, an experience of pride containing high effort appraisal. information will encourage inferences of goal progress, inform the goal-based response schema and decrease regulatory behavior. (SALERNO, A., LARAN, J., JANISZEWSKI, C. (2015).Consistent with the functionalist perspective, appraisal information will not influence all response schemata in the same way. It should be possible to employ appraisal information so the ramifications of this use are only observed when a certain response schema is available. In actualisation to the default response consider appraisal information that arise.MethodParticipants and Design. A total of 182 undergr aduate students (52% female, M age=20.30) participated in exchange for turn tail credit. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions in a (self-regulatory goal inactive vs. active) and (emotion no-emotion, low effort pride, high-effort pride) between-subjects design.ProcedureParticipants were told that there were three studies in the session, unrelated and pooled together for convenience. The first study was intended to determine peoples vocal capabilities, but truthfully it was a lexical decision task that served as the goal manipulation. Participants were told to focus their attention on a fixation agitate on the computer screen that would be replaced by a earn string. They were told to press nine on the keyboard if the letter string was a news program and one if it was not, and to respond as quickly as possible. After cinque practice trial runs, seven target trials varied by condition. Participants in the active self-regulatory goal condition were shown wo rds regulate, health, persistence, willpower, strive, control, virtue participants in the inactive self-regulatory goal condition were shown neutral words as computer, flower, refrigerator, notebook, picture, silk, next. Each participant aphorism the target words twice, along with five filler words, and 20 non-words. The trial order was random.The Study demonstrates that the influence of pride depends on appraisal information and self-regulatory goal activation. High-effort pride increased (decreased) regulatory behavior when a self-regulatory goal was not (was) active, but low effort pride did not have an influence on the amount of regulatory behavior. These effects occurred even though a pretest confirmed that low- and high-effort pride generated an equivalent level of pride. This shows us that the appraisal information that generated the pride informed inferences about the self-concept or goal progress. wiz issue I saw within the article was students were given enlighten credit to participate in the study. Although it is not frowned upon. Many students could have friendship of that they were looking for and manipulating responses and changing data. The adverse could also be said that participants didnt wish well about correct responses. If they made it through to the end to achieve their credit.In closing I do believe there is a importation to the field of psychology. Pride tends to be a necessary evil for many. We are raised to take pride in all we do, a insulting person can take their pride to far and it starts to border on self-assertion. Further study to determine that level of pride or how very much pride until it spills over to arrogance? Could it be that mass amounts of pride/ arrogance is just personal preception?(American Psychological Assoc.)ReferencesSALERNO, A., LARAN, J., JANISZEWSKI, C. (2015). Pride and Regulatory Behavior The entrance of Appraisal Information and Self-Regulatory Goals. Journal Of Consumer Research, 42(3), 499-514. doi10.1093/jcr/ucv037

The History of Nigerian Banking System

The storey of Nigerian margeing comp bothing SystemThe existence of borders in Nigeria dates back as far as 1862 when the first Nigerian intrusting concerncame into being. There was no desireing legislation until 1952 at that prison term, Nigeria hadthree foreign strands and 2 indigenous banks with a collective total of forty branches.Despite the ring standards by the 1952 ordinance, the growth of contain deposits was sloweddown by the Nigerian lust to prefer heavy(p) and distrust checks for debt settlements.1912 experienced the establishment of the due west African currency board which was to help6in financing the trade trade of foreign firms in West Africa and to issue a West Africancurrency which could be converted to British pound sterling. The colonial policies barredthe local investment of reserves, discouraged deposit expansion, precluded discretion forpecuniary management and did nothing to educate Africans in developing indigenous financial institutions. T his led to a motion by several Nigerian members of the digest toestablish a central bank to facilitate economic development. though the motion wasdefeated, the colonial administration appointed a bank of England to sphere the issue and he conscious against a central bank with fierceness on their effectiveness in an un authenticcapital market. An different hear was conducted in 1957 and this turn uped in the creation of aNigerian central bank and the introduction of the Nigerian currency. The role of the centralbank was to establish the Nigerian currency, get everywhere and regulate the banking governing body, serveas bankers to some opposite banks in Nigeria and function come on the politicss economic policy in themonetary field.This policy include control of bank commendation growth, credit distribution by sector, cashreserve requirements for commercialised banks, discount ratesinterest rates the aboriginal border super charged commercial and merchandiser banksan d the ratio of banks long- full term additions todeposits. Changes in Central hope restrictions on credit and monetary expansion affectedtotal demand and income. For example, in 1988, as inflation accelerated, the Central banking companytried to bear monetary growth.During the civil war, the government trammel and later susp finised repatriation of divid destinationsand profits, cut back foreign travel every(prenominal)owances for Nigerian citizens, limited the size ofallowances to overseas creation offices, required official permission for all foreign payments,and, in January 1968, issued refreshing currency notes to replace those in circulation. Although in1970 the Central confide advised against dismantling of import and financial constraints toosoon after the war, the embrocate boom soon permitted Nigeria to relax restrictions.The three largest commercial banks held ab step up triad of total bank deposits. In 1973 thefederal government undertook to acquire a 40-percen t equity ownership of the three largestforeign banks. In 1976, under the bit Nigerian Enterprises Promotion code requiring60-percent indigenous holdings, the federal government acquired an supernumerary 20-percentholding in the three largest foreign banks and 60-percent ownership in the other foreign7banks. Yet indigenization did not change the management, control, and carrying orientation coursetoward planetary trade, particularly of foreign companies and their Nigerian subsidiariesof foreign banks.At the end of 1988, the banking system consisted of the Central jargon of Nigeria, forty-twocommercial banks, and twenty quaternity merchant banks, a substantial increase since 1986.Merchant banks were allowed to open checking accounts for corporations save and couldnot immerse deposits below N50, 000. Commercial and merchant banks together had 1,500branches in 1988, up from 1,000 in 1984. In 1988 commercial banks had assets of N52.2 one million million compargond to N12.6 bill ion for merchant banks in early 1988. In FY 1990 thegovernment put N503 million into establishing lodge banks to encourage communitydevelopment associations, cooperative societies, farmers groups, patriotic unions, tradegroups, and other local organizations, especially in rural argonas. opposite financial institutions include government- have specialized development banksthe Nigerian Industrial Development savings bank, the Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry,and the Nigerian sylvan Bank, as well(p) as the national Savings Banks and the nationalMortgage Bank. Also guessive in Nigeria were numerous insurance companies, pension coin, and pay and leasing companies. Nigeria withal had a investment company telephone telephone exchange (establishedin Lagos in 1961) and a number of pipelinebrokerage firms. The Securities and shiftCommission (SEC) Decree of 1988 gave the Nigerian SEC powers to regulate andsupervise the capital market. These powers included the rectify to revoke stockbrokerregistrations and approve or disapprove any parvenu stock exchange. Established in 1988, theNigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation increase confidence in the banks by protectingdepositors against bank failures in authorise banks up to N50, 000 in return for an annualbank allowance of virtually 1 percent of total deposit liabilities.1.5.3 Types of BanksA bank is a profit making business providing financial function which includes receivingdeposits of gold, lending notes and processing transactions. There are different types ofbanks and so do their functions differ.81.5.3.1 Commercial BanksCommercial banks are authorized institutions providing retail banking services to thepublic. They lead deposits from nodes and in turn deal adds based on thosedeposits. They are mention for providing services which includes savings, current andterm/fixed deposit accounts, lending, payment and hit of specie which is nowfacilitated by the recently introduced online b anking. They also facilitate the versionof rural areas by extending banking services. They offer professional advice to their clientson viable businesses and international trade. They are the channel for the implementation ofthe monetary policies from the central bank and act as authorized foreign exchange dealersin providing such facilities. They are collectors on behalf of other government and nongovernment agencies. They buy and sell securities on behalf of their customers and boostthe securities in the capital market and also sponsor companies seek quotation on theNigerian Stock supercede.1.5.3.2 Merchant BanksThey started carrying outs in 1961 with the establishment of Philip Hill (Nigeria) special(a)which later merged with Nigerian Acceptances Limited in 1969. Other merchant bankslater came along. As a result of the non recognition of ecumenical banking then, merchantbanks in Nigeria operate wholesale banking, which involves loan syndication, equity anddebt issues, ventu res capital and equipment leasing. They play important roles in pooling a mob of banks, where the borrowing required exceeds availability of funds fromcommercial or any other bank. They also introduce their big clients to the Nigerian StockExchange and handle international transactions by dint of a global vane of affiliatedbanks. The banks are usually sited at urban areas and provide services to largeorganisations and extremely wealthy individuals.1.5.3.3 Universal BanksBefore the introduction of the universal banking imagination by the federal government,operators of merchant banks had complained that their poor feats over the long judgment of conviction9were due to a banking system that they claimed favoured commercial banks. The clamourfor one-stop-supermarket bank became noticed in the mid 1990s when the financial systemwas sweep by the distress in the banking sector. This virtually wrecked havoc on theeconomy. Many people have observed that the distinction between commerc ial andmerchant banking is out-dated and no longer fashionable in other developed countries.The harmonised banking service is seen as terms-effective for providing a level vie field,where a customer can open an account and engage in all banking and insurance transactionsfrom one bank to the other. The new banking concept offers a wider range of bankingservices, which include retailed banking, capital market activities and insurance business.The banking surroundings allow no longer be restricted to certain functions. The new bankingservices commenced in January 2001.1.5.3.4 Development BanksDevelopment banks were established by the government, to nurture national economicdevelopment. They tend to address issues of low income, insufficient savings andinadequate investment. The government and multilateral agencies sponsor the banks. Thefirst development pay institution is the Nigerian Local Development Board, which wasestablished in 1946 and charged with the responsibility of giv ing loans and grants to nativeauthorities, cooperative societies and other public bodies for cocksure developmentprojects (Agene 1990). Notable development banks include, Nigerian IndustrialDevelopment Bank, Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria, Nigerian Bank for Commerce andIndustry, Nigerian Agricultural and Cooperative Bank, Peoples Bank of Nigeria andNigerian Educational Bank. Others include, National Economic convalescence Fund(NERFUND), Community Banks, etc.In a nutshell, for the long term survival of a bank, they would have to go for currency in theiroperation so as to be able to meet up with their expenses. They accept deposits fromcustomers and pay interest which can only be squareized from the exchange of silverbetween two parties. One of the ways in which they make money is by charging interest onloans. The money deposited by customers is impart out to creditors. They charge tallerinterest on money they lend out and pay lower on the deposits. The difference then serve sas own realization from the transaction.10Also, they operate on fractionalized deposit. They use depositors money to make moneyby giving loans and earning interest. These loans are usually real estate loans andsometimes car loans. Prior to the depression, banks were allowed to invest in the stockmarket. As a result of the bank crash, a law was passed to end the dress and force banksand investment institutions to be different entities.1.5.4 Impact of the Central Bank on the activities of a BankThe Central Bank of Nigeria governs the activities of banks in Nigeria and provides rulesand guidelines for the execution of activities in the banking exertion. The central bank ischarged with the general control and administration of the monetary and financial sectorpolicies of the federal government. Its statutory order includes the issuance of the judicialtender currency, master(prenominal)taining of the external reserves, protecting the international valueof the legal tender currency , and playing as bankers and financial adviser to the federalgovernment promote monetary stability and a sound financial system in Nigeria. Inunderstanding the monetary policy, it is important to look at it from the perspective of themandate set for the bank. This includes maintenance of Nigerias external reserves tosafeguard the international value of the legal currency, promotion and maintenance ofmonetary stability and a sound and efficient financial system in Nigeria, acting as bankerand financial adviser to the Federal Government and acting as lender of last resort tobanks.Consequently, the Bank is charged with the responsibility of administering the Banks andOther Financial constitutions (BOFI) Act (1991) as amended, with the sole aim of ensuringhigh standards of banking practice and financial stability through its surveillance activities,as well as the promotion of an efficient payment system. In addition to its core functions,CBN has over the social classs performed so me major developmental functions, focused on all thekey sectors of the Nigerian economy (financial, agricultural and industrial sectors). Overall,these mandates are carried out by the Bank through its various departments.The roles of thecentral bank of Nigeria also include the establishment of a national smallfinanceconsultative committee, evolvement of a adopt micro finance policy that spells out theeligibility and licensing criteria, provides operational standards and guidelines to11stakeholders, adopting an allow regulatory and supervisory framework, minimizingregulatory arbitrage through periodic reviews of the policy and guidelines, continuouslyadvocating market determined interest rates for government owned institutions andpromote microfinance funds through MFBS, promoting linkage programmes betweenuniversal banks, specialized finance institutions and the micro finance banks.1.5.4.1 sections of central bank and their activitiesThere a basically three departments in the cen tral bank of Nigeria and they are the banking inadvertence department, development finance department and other financial institutionsdepartment.1.5.4.1.1 Banking Supervision incisionThe banking charge department of the central bank of Nigeria carries out on-site aswell as off site supervision of deposit money and discount houses. Its basic functionsinclude reviews and analyses of the financial conditions of banks based on CAMELparameters utilise prudential reports, reviews and analyses of statutory returns and otherrelevant learning, monitor trends and development for the banking sector, depict pains reports on a monthly and quarterly basis. It also monitors respect with the law,guidelines and circulars (BOFIA (banks and other financial institutions act), CAMA, andCBN (Central Bank of Nigeria) Act etc)1.5.4.2 Development Finance DepartmentThe development finance department was established to manage the agricultural creditguarantee scheme fund and finance the marketing operati ons of the inoperative commoditymarketing boards. In view of the expected role of the bank in the Nigerian economy, thedepartment was restructured and renamed as the development finance department. They areconcerned with identifying development finance market failures, designing strategies andpolicies for addressing them, formulating policies, regulatory and supervisoryframework for micro/rural finance, identifying development priorities, designing andimplementing alternative documentation sources, monitoring and evaluating the impact of12development finance initiatives, advising government and the CBN steering oncommodities, SME, and micro/rural finance issues.1.5.4.3 The Other Financial Institution Department (OFI)The other financial institutions department is saddled with the responsibility of supervisingand regulating the other financial institution sub-sector which include the communitybanks, finance companies, bureau de change, primary mortgage institution, thedevelopment finance institutions and the recently launched micro finance banks.The department carries out both on-site and off-site supervision of the other financialinstitutions. The off-site supervision involves the appraisal and approval of the practisefor licenses, nominees intothe boards and top management positions, transfer of shares andincrease in hare capital, statutory returns from other financial institutions, appointment orexchange of the external auditors. The on-site aspect of the departments function includespre commencement examination before the grant of a final license to an OFI (Otherfinancial institutions), routine examination which is the regular examination, objective lensexamination addresses specialized supervisory concerns arising from unprofessional conductof the operations of an OFI and is carried out as the need bob ups while spot-checks for quickconfirmation/ verification through independent on-site assessment. This includes corporategovernance, accounting syste ms and records, quality of assets, reliability of informationprovided, internal control system/anti-money laundering controls and procedures, earnings,liquidity, financial condition and capital adequacy.1.5.5 Effects of the Monetary and Economic policies on the activities of NigerianBanksMonetary policies refers to the particularized actions taken by the central bank to regulate thevalue, supply and cost of money in the economy with a view t achieving governmentsmacroeconomic objectives. For many countries, the objectives of the monetary policy areexplicitly stated in the laws establishing the central bank, while for others they are not. Theobjectives of the monetary policy may vary from country to country but there are two mainviews.13The first view calls for the monetary policy to win set stability, while the second viewseeks to achieve price stability and other macroeconomic objectives. The central bank ofNigeria like other central banks in developing countries, achieve the mo netary policy goalthrough the union of money supplied.In Nigeria, the Central Bank defines money supply as comprising narrow and broad money.The definition of narrow money (M1) includes currency in circulation with non-bank publicand demand deposits or current accounts in the banks. The broad money (M2) includesnarrow money plus savings and time deposits, as well as foreign denominated deposits. Thebroad money measures the total volume of money supply in the economy. Thus, excessmoney supply (or liquidity) may arise in the economy when the amount of broad money isover and higher up the level of total output in the economy.The need to regulate money supply is based on the knowledge that there is a inactiverelationship between the quantity of money supply and economic military action and that if itssupply is not limited to what is required to support productive activities it will result inundesirable effects such as high prices or inflation.In summary, monetary policy in the Niger ian circumstance refers to the actions of the CentralBank of Nigeria to regulate the money supply, so as to achieve the ultimate macroeconomicobjectives of government. Several factors influence the money supply, some of which arewithin the control of the central bank, while others are outside its control. The specificobjective and the focus of monetary policy may change from time to time, depending on thelevel of economic development and economic fortunes of the country. The choice of cats-paw to use to achieve what objective would depend on these and othercircumstances.1.6. History of the banks surveyed1.6.1 Zenith International Bank Plc.Zenith Bank Plc was incorporated on May 30, 1990 as a private company limited by shares.In July 2004, the Bank became a public company limited by shares and subsequentlylaunched what motionlessness remains the most successful Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the explanation14of the Nigerian Capital Market. Its 6,000,000,000 (six billion) ordinar y shares of 50 kobo distributively were later listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange on October 21, 2004. Zenith BankPlc achieved yet another milestone when it raised N53.63bn in February 2006 by a PublicOffer of 3,000,000,000 (three billion shares), one of the largest amount in the history of theNigerian Capital Market.Zenith Bank Plc is one of the largest and most profitable banks in Nigeria with total assetsplus contingents of over N714.5 billion after consolidation.The Bank has continue to record remarkable performance on several parameters.Zenith Banks growth and performance has earned keen ratings from both local andinternational rating agencies. Agusto co. ltd has systematically rates the bank Aaa for sixconsecutive years. Also of prise is the fact that the bank has the lowest non performingloans to total loans ratio of 1.7% against the industry ordinary of 18% and has grown itsasset base at an average of over 50% per annum in the last five years.Its service whirl covers but are not limited to corporate and commercial bankingservices, funds and asset management, investment banking and financial advisory services ,private bank, treasury and cash management services.In delivering their vision, they put strategies in place which has being their guide in theiroperation. It sets out to differentiate itself in the banking industry through the quality ofservice it render, the caliber of their clients and the drive for a unique customer experience.The bank is easily associated with attributes such as innovation, best risk asset portfolio,high quality personnel, consistent superior financial performance and leadership in the useof information and communication technology.The banks overall vision is to make the brand a reputable international financial servicesnetwork recognized for innovation, superior customer service and performance whilecreating premium value for all stakeholders.1.6.2 Guaranty verify Bank PlcGuaranty Trust Bank plc was incorporated i n July 1990, as a private limited liabilitycompany wholly owned by Nigerian individuals and institutions. The bank was licensed asa Commercial Bank in stately 1990 and commenced operation in February 1991.In September 1996, Guaranty Trust Bank plc became a publicly quoted company and wonthe Nigerian Stock Exchange Presidents Merit portion out that aforementioned(prenominal) year and again in the years152000, 2003,2005 and 2006. The Bank was also runner-up for the quoted company of theyear swag in 2005. In February 2002, it obtained a Universal Banking license and wasappointed a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2003.Its avocation to continue adding value to the businesses of its stakeholders has seen it emerge asa pacesetter and industry leader over the years. This is evident in its introduction of realtime online banking in 1990, mobile, telephone and internet banking in 2002, Slip freebanking in 2006 and the first fully interactive self service call cen tralize GT Connect in 2006.The bank was able to meet their financial obligations as they fell due and this got them therecognition of three rating agencies. Agusto Co reaffirmed its twofold a risk rating everyyear fro the last quaternity years, Fitch also designate the bank a double A minus risk rating inrecognition of its strong internal franchise, good quality assets and sound earnings recordand finally, Standard Poors, assigned the Bank a double B minus (BB-) risk rating. TheBank is the only Nigerian financial institution with such a rating, which is the equivalent as theAgencies Sovereign rating for Nigeria.The bank has over the years been a recipient of several awards for superior financialperformance, customer service delivery, excellent share performance, managementefficiency some of which are the most consider financial institution in Nigeria (2006), thehighly commended bank of the year award in Africa (2005), Most Customer friendly Bank(2007), Best Bank for Brand Dev elopment 2007.Despite the challenges which characterized the year under review(2006-2007 Financialyear), the bank was able to grow its gross earnings by 46% from N34 billion to N49 billionwhile its profit before tax rose by 50% from N10.5 billion in the previous year to N15.7billion. In the same period, total asset and contingents increased by 54% from N391billiona year earlier to N603 billion.

The Great Debaters And Henry David Thoreau Philosophy Essay

The Great Debaters And Henry David Thoreau Philosophy EssayTo begin with, allows get tidy up that modern society is the product of deep humans thought. We all subroutine and live within delimitate and established liberal-democratic encounters, norms and opinions with the core value of individual, which we are accustomed to perceive as whatsoeverthing natural. However, who or what direct improved determine proclaimed by French Revolution at scratch line? It is moderately supposed that with child(p) thinkers worth to be called the primary parentage. Today, there is the endeavor to draw analogues between pack sodbuster, Jr. and David Thoreau, whose impacts to philosophical thought schooling hardly can be overvalued. It is stated that these two personalities are comparable with views of success in America. This similarity is grounded on equal value of cultured disobedience. Obviously, plenty of interconnections can be work forceti championd. However, there is the view on the well-nigh strong parts.What is American success for David Thoreau and pile Farmer, Jr.? After some analysis providing, it is argued that both these great thinkers followed one general belief. Here is the apprise circuit. The greatest value of humankind is the mind, which is only useful to define what is incorrect and castigate. However, it is always laden and restricted by law, traditions and states in communal. According to James Farmer, Jr. and David Thoreau, minds release is the only proper solution to get American success, and civil Disobedience is the revolutionary tool to achieve desired aim. In accompaniment, both James Farmer, Jr. and David Thoreau determine Civil Disobedience as the kind law and right opposing. Eventually, minds awaking is already can be called Civil Disobedience concord to them. At second, the core value of individual is position in the center of their philosophy. lets point out some gestateing particularities from The great Debaters i ndicateed by Danzel Washington and Civil Disobedience written by Henry David Thoreau.Oppressed mind. This was the main unfortunate reality people had to occupy at times of great thinkers the times of racial discrimination and socio-economic oppression. To support this claim, lets remind some part from The great Debators, when Mr. Tolson spoke to Mr. Law almost slaves owner Lynch., who liked to say Keep the slave physically strong, further psychologically week. Leave him body, but take his mind(The Great Debators). This quote in film doesnt seem to be random. Considerably, it was project to line out oppressed mind of Color people, as the main background for racial discrimination. Considerably, this feature recognition is the first step to get entire American success, harmonise to James Farmer Jr.. Similar view can be free-base out in Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau The troop of men serve the state thus, not as men mainly, but as molds, with their bodies. In most cases there is no free cipher whatever of the judgment or of the moral sense but they put themselves on a level with wood and earth and stones. Such operate no more respect than men of straw or a lump of dirt. Yet such as these even are commonly esteemed right-hand(a) citizens. They are as likely to serve the devil, without intending it, as God (Thoreau). According to this quote, the start point of Thoreaus is absolutely similar to Farmer. However, one reasonable question appears why people perceive wrong as right? The answer is in harmful foundations of society and peoples silent obedience. illogical value of law. Total faith in Law and its corresponding, is determined by Farmer and Thoreau as detect premise to depressed mind and common oppression consequently. The law has not right to be perceived as the only source of truth, justice and proper-being. Both thinkers were tolerant to this idea and take away manifestations are easy to be found out. Lets remind the scene of fi nal debates with Harvard from The Great Debators. Participant from Harvard team claimed that We have no right to steady down what laws are good or bad. Nothing that can defile the rule of law is moral(The Great Debators). This quote is strong with the entire picture of the legitimate belief in law that caused oppressed minds and racial discrimination consequently, according to James Farmer Jr.. Do you remember how he opposed this pedagogy? If no, here is it unsportsmanlike law is not the law(The Great Debators). Our mind defines what is good or bad and this is the greatest value to baulk injustice laws influence. rather similar approach is showed out in Thoreaus Civil Disobedience Unjust laws exist If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go, let it go perchance it impart wear smooth sure as shooting the machine will wear out. If the injustice has a spring, or a pulley, or a rope, or a crank, exclusively for itself, then perad venture you may consider whether the remedy will not be worsened than the evil but if it is of such a nature that it requires you to be the promoter of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law. Let your life be a counter friction to stop the machine(Thoreau). Being influenced by different aims, James Farmer Jr. and David Thoreau are similar with the common persuasion. They did not resist the nature of law as needful regulation. They were against the foolish laws, which had no right to be proclaimed and perceived as life guideline.Civil Disobedience is the synonym to Revolution. In fact, it is rather curious situation around the direct meaning of Civil Disobedience. The point is that this idea stated as the key one in book and movie, but no one source gives us clear quote about its meaning. Considerably, audience is welcome to apply own one. In this regard, Civil Disobedience can be defined as the brave challenge of mind to dreadful injustice. James Farmer Jr. and David Tho reau are straight with call to oppressed of this challenge good-looking and this is their Revolution. Remind the main scene from The Great Debators, when James Framer Jr. took the pull round victorious word I have the right, the duty to resistwith hysteria or civil disobedience. You should pray, I choose the last(The Great Debators). David Thoreau is not so strong with claim, but not less convincing All machines have their friction and possibly this does enough good to counterbalance the evil. At all rate, it is a great evil to make a stir about it. But when the friction comes to have its machine, and oppression and robbery are organized, I say, let us not have such a machine any longer. In other words, when a sixth of the population of a nation which has undertaken to be the refuge of liberty are slaves, and a entirely country is unjustly overrun and conquered by a foreign army, and subjected to army law, I think that it is not too soon for honest men to rebel and revolutioni ze(Thoreau). In this order, both thinkers are interconnected with the like belief in public awakening. Whatever dreadful factor is (racial discrimination or socio-economic injustice) oppressed are right and even have to struggle what will lead to common well-being.Are Farmers and Thoreaus views on American success similar? Definitely, yes. However, there is more relevant question. Were these views recognized and adopted? At the first glance, we are still ruled by the law and obey same norms of behavior, but one significant change was implemented. The nature of laws was transformed and this fact is supported by protected liberal values with individual in the center. The mind, instead of majoritys will, became the primary source of every law and this is the greatest triumph of common humans thought, and outstanding thinkers particularly.SourcesThoreau, David. Civil Disobedience. The free library, n.d.. Web. 05 April 2011. http//thoreau.thefreelibrary.com/Civil-DisobedienceThe Great D ebators. Let me watch this, n.d.. Web 05 April 2011. http//www.letmewatchthis.ch/movie-5549-The-Great-Debaters

Harry Potter Essay -- essays papers

Harry PotterIn the past couple age, there has been a growing phenomenon in the origination of childrens literature, this phenomenon is Harry Potter. J.K. Rowlings series of unuseds about a young wizard and his years at Hogwarts School of Wizarding and Witchcraft, has become one of the most successful childrens apply series of all time. Before recital any of the now iv novels, one may find it hard to believe that a childrens novel may be so entertaining. But once one starts reading any of the four books, it is plain to see why these books are so popular.Before first reading a Harry Potter novel, I was skeptical that a childrens book about an orphan wizard discharge to school would be entertaining. But within 15 minutes I found myself unable to stop reading. There are many elements, which yield to this novels addictiveness. The character development is simple yet complex enough to fasten an adult reader interested. From the large gentle giant Hagrid, to the malicious get to ma ker Lucious Malfoy.Another aspect which I believe makes the novel so great, is the authors wri...

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche

Wedding Speech De prevailred by the dress upLadies and Gentlemen, you are about to witness a unique event in history. This is the very first and very last time that my wife is release to let me speak on behalf of both of us.Today, so far has been a day beyond my wildest dreams. They say you dont marry someone you can live with - you marry the person who you cannot live without which is very true with Karen.I view I had prepared myself quite well for today but nix could have prepared me enough for when I saw Karen mountain pass drink the aisle. I thought my legs were about to give way from underneath me. never have I seen her looking so beautiful. I was overwhelmed to the say the least.I should be used to it at a time as Karen always dresses to kill, its comely doomed that she cooks the same way.So my first thank you goes to Karen, my wife, my bride and joy. thank you for everything you have done. You notice everything about me and yet you still said I do. Thank you. GIVE SIN GLE ROSE.Ok, now for the rest of my speech.Thanks to Bob for those word form words. I know it must have been hard for you today. Although, when it came to the time for you to walk Karen down the aisle, I could have sworn I saw you track Not sure about this receipt though Bob. READ put across AND GIVE TO BOB.HAND OUT PRESENT TO BOB AND FLOWERS TO JOSIEThanks once more Bob and Thanks to Josie for making sure he didnt go on ... ...g this speech, Nicole was just getting over scandalmongering pox and Brooke had just started scratching. I was worried to say the least. I myself have never had chicken pox so I had to stay away from them, which was extremely rugged as I love them both so much. If you could bottle their passion for this day you would be set for life. I think you will completely agree, they look absolutely stunning today. Thank you both. Can I enchant ask you all to stand and raise your glasses in a toast to the bridesmaids, Nicole and Brooke.Well, thats me all done. Can I please now ask you all to welcome to the stage, a patch who needs no introduction.but I will introduce him anyway.my best man and best friend, Marmaduke.

Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology Essay -- Ethnography Cult

Reflexivity and Modern Works of AnthropologyThe role of reflexivity in Anthropology has changed a great deal over time. The effects of doing ethnography on the ethnographer was not considered an important mode of inquiry in the olden. While inevitably, red to far distant lands and living with a acculturation so unlike from your own will at least cause the ethnographer to reflect on personal issues but most likely will cause lowering changes in the way he or she will view the world. just in the past these changes were not important. What was necessary for the ethnographer to do in the past was to document a culture break it down structur solelyy and measure out the observations made. The reflexive nature of his or her experiences were of little or no splendour to the anthropological community. But over the years this has changed tremendously and Anthropology concerns itself more than and more with the interactions between the ethnographer and his or her informants and the ch anges that occur in both due to the search being conducted. The scope of this paper will be to show this novelty and also why it occurred. The role of the Anthropologist in the past has been to document different cultures in order so the colonial authorities could better issue how to rule them this is apparent in Bronislaw Malinowskis essay on the Trobriand islanders. He said, The ethnographer has in the field, according to what has just been said, the duty before him of drawing up all the rules and regularities of tribal life all that is permanent and fixed of giving an descriptor of their culture, of depicting the constitution of their society. But these things, though crystallized and set, are nowhere formulated. There is no written or explicitly expressed reckon ... ... not to say that a scientific documentation of the structure of the culture being studied should be forgotten about. But rather rather of being the main point of concern (as with Malinowski) it should be u sed to modulate the arguments expressed by the author. Also as done with many early(a) forms reflexivity should be able to be expressed in more abstract ways instead of just simply stating how you were effected and evil versa. But overall I think reflexivity is a frank thing for Anthropological writing.In conclusion, anthropology has come long way in the past few generations, at least in the sense of the literary productions produced by the students of this field. But perhaps this is due to the audience who reading the plant life and not the anthropologists doing the research. In any case reflexivity is definitely more openly expressed in the more modern works of Anthropology.